The Thermal Pre-Processing Technique of the Bio-Waste for Contaminated Water Treatment: Histological and Experimental Study

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, IRAQ

2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, IRAQ

3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malay, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MALAYSIA

Abstract

The current study suggested a thermal treatment as a necessary proactive step in improving the adsorption capacity of bio-waste for contaminants removal in wastewater. This approach was based on the experimental and histological investigation of biowaste pod shells. This investigation showed that these shells composed of parenchyma cells that store secondary metabolites compounds produced from cells were exhibited in the present study. The results also reported that these compounds are extracted directly from the cells as soon as they are exposed to an aqueous solution, hampering their use as an adsorbent material. The increase in the weight of bio-waste adsorbent at unit liquid volume increases the production of secondary metabolites compounds under normal conditions. While thermal conditions accelerate the exit of these compounds from their storage places. After suggested thermal processing, the bio-waste was examined for azo dye removal under different operational conditions (adsorbent weight (1, 0.1 g), contact time (24 and 48 h), and temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60  oC). In general, the experimental data showed a good improvement in adsorption potential. The results presented clearly that the increase in temperature has a positive effect on the performance of pollutant removal. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.035833 mol/g at a temperature of 40°C, and 0.036417 mol/g at a temperature of 50°C. This behavior may be counterproductive with high temperatures as a result of the release of more secondary metabolite compounds. For other operating conditions, increasing the concentration of the pollutant also improves the efficiency of the process, while this efficiency decreases with the increasing weight of the adsorbent material. For example, the removal capacity was (0.000275, 0.00675 mol/g) with 1 and 0.1 g of the adsorbent weight, respectively. Finally, the present study concluded that the adoption of thermal pre-treatment technology for bio-mass waste is a necessary step in improving the adsorption processes. the adsorption processes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Watiniasih N.L., Purnama I.G.H., Padmanabha G., Merdana I.M., Antara I.N.G., Managing Laundry Wastewater, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 248: 012084, (2019).
[2] Zhang X., Liu Y., Circular Economy-Driven Ammonium Recovery from Municipal Wastewater: State of the Art, Challenges and Solutions Forward, Bioresour. Technol., 334: 125231, (2021).
[3] Yet Z.R., Rahim M.Z.A., Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Treated Banana Pseudostem Fibers Using Response Surface Method (RSM), MJAS, 18 (3): 592 - 603, (2014).
[4] DIM P.E., Adsorption of Methyl Red and Methyl Orange Using Different Tree Bark Powder, Acad. Res. Intern., 4 (1): 330-338, (2013).
[5] Al-Mashhadani M.K., Wilkinson S.J., Zimmerman W.B., Laboratory Preparation of Simulated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Experimentation, JE, 21(6): 131-145, (2015).
[6] Azimi S.C., Shirini F., Pendashteh A., Advanced Oxidation Process as a Green Technology for Dyes Removal from Wastewater: A Review, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 40(5): 1467-1489 (2021).
[7] Haris M.R.H.M., Sathasivam K., The Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solutions Using Banana Pseudostem Fibers. Am. J. Appl. Sci., 6(9): 1690-1700 (2009).
[8] Al-Hemiri A.A., Abed K.M., Al-Shahwany, A. W., Extraction of Pelletierine from Punica granatum L.by Liquid Membrane Technique and Modelling, IJCPE. 13 (1): 1- 9 (2012).
[9] Enenebeaku C.K., Okorocha N.J., Uchechi E.E., Ukaga I.C., Adsorption and Equilibrium Studies on the Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solution Using White Potato Peel Powder, Int. Lett. Chem. Phys. Astron., 72: 52-64 (2017).
[10] Patil N.P., Bholay A.D., Kapadnis B.P., Gaikwad V.B., Biodegradation of Model Azo Dye Methyl Red and other Textile Dyes by Isolate Bacillus Circulans NPP1, J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 10(4): 2793-2800 (2016).
[11] Khouri S.i.J., Abdel-Rahim I.A., Alshamaileh E.M., Altwaiq A.M., Equilibrium and Structural Study of m-Methyl Red in Aqueous Solutions: Distribution Diagram Construction, J. Solution Chem., 42(9): 1844-1853 (2013).
[12] Bentahar S., Dbik A., Khomri M.E., Messaoudi N.E., Lacherai A., Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet and Congo Red from Binary and Ternary Systems with Natural Clay: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5(6): 5921-5932 (2017).
[13] Yaoqiang H., Chaoming Q., Min G., Xiushen Y., Zhijian W., Preparation of Fe3O4-octadecyltrichlorosilane for Removal of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue: Influence of pH and Ionic Strength on Competitive Adsorption, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 32(6): 1413-1419 (2017).
[14] Katheresan V., Kansedo J., Lau S.Y., Efficiency of Various Recent Wastewater Dye Removal Methods: A Review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 6(4): 4676-4697 (2018).
[15] Shariati-Rad M., Irandoust M., Amri S., Feyzi M., Ja’fari F., Removal, Preconcentration and Determination of Methyl Red in Water Samples Using Silica Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles, J. Appl. Res. Water and Wastewater, 1: 6-12 (2014).
[16]  Khosravi A., Karimi M., Ebrahimi H., Fallah N., Sequencing Batch Reactor/Nanofiltration Hybrid Method for Water Recovery From Textile Wastewater Contained Phthalocyanine Dye and Anionic Surfactant, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8 (2): 103701 (2020).
[17]  Singh A., Pal D.B., Mohammad A., Alhazmi A., Haque S., Yoon T., Srivastava N., Gupta V.K., Biological Remediation Technologies for Dyes and Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment: New Insight, Bioresour. Technol., 343: 126154 (2022).
[18] Shaikh A.R., Chawla M., Hassan A.A., Abdulazeez I., Salawu O.A., Siddiqui M.N., Pervez S., Cavallo L., Adsorption of Industrial Dyes On Functionalized and Nonfunctionalized Asphaltene: A Combined Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanics Study, J. Mol. Liq., 337:116433(2021).
[19] Li D., Ning X.-a., Yuan Y., Hong Y., Zhang J., Ion-Exchange Polymers Modified Bacterial Cellulose Electrodes for the Selective Removal of Nitrite Ions from Tail Water of Dyeing Wastewater, J. Environ. Sci., 91: 62-72 (2020).
[20] Thasneema K.K., Dipin T., Thayyil M.S., Sahu P.K., Messali M., Rosalin T., Elyas K.K., Saharuba P.M., Anjitha T., Hadda T.B., Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals, Phenolic Compounds and Textile Dyes from Industrial Waste Water Using Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquids, J. Mol. Liq., 323:114645 (2021).
[21] Danlami U., Elisha E.P., A Comparative Study on the Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanol and Petroleum Ether Extracts of the Leaves of Albizia Lebbeck and Its Mistletoe, Int. J. Pharm. Chem., 3 (2):13-18 (2017).
[22] Hadi S.M., Al-Mashhadani M.K.H., Eisa M.Y., Optimization of Dye Adsorption Process for Albizia Lebbeck Pods as a Biomass Using Central Composite Rotatable Design Model, Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q., 25(1): 39-46 (2019).
[23] Thorne J., Assimilate Redistribution from Soybean Pod Walls During Seed Development, Agron. J., 71: 812-816 (1979).
[24] Wang H.L., Grusak M.A., Structure and Development of Medicago truncatula Pod Wall and Seed Coat, Annals of Botany, 95 (5): 737-747 (2005).
[25] Matulja D., Grbčić P., Bojanić K., Topić-Popović N., Čož-Rakovac R., Laclef S., Šmuc T., Jović O., Marković D., Pavelić S.K., Chemical Evaluation, Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of Organic Extract and Semi-Purified Fractions of the Adriatic Sea Fan, Eunicella cavolini. Molecules, 26 (19): 5751(2021).
[26] Smolenski S.J, Silinis H., Farnsworth N.R., Alkaloid Screening, VI. Lloydia., 38(3): 225-255 (1975).
[27] Abed K.M., Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor, IJCPE, 15(2): 75-84 (2014).
[28] Abed K.M., Al-Hemiri A.A., Separation of Alkaloids from Plants by Bulk Liquid Membrane Technique Using Rotating Discs Contactor, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8(4): 785-793 (2015).
[29]  Bhandary S.K., Kumari N. S., Bhat V.S., K.P. Sh., Bekal M.P., Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
of Various Extracts of Punica Granatum Peel, Whole Fruit and Seeds. N.U.J.H.S., 2(4): 34-38 (2012).
[30] Atiyah, K.H.; Kadhum, E.J., Isolation and Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Dianthus orientalis Wildly Grown in Iraq, Iraqi. J. Pharm. Sci, 30(2):122:134 (2021).
[31] Rao U.S.M.; Abdurrazak M., Mohd K.S., Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Content Assays of Various Solvent Extracts of Tepal of Musa Paradisiaca, Malaysian J. of Anal. Sci., 20 (5): 1181-1190 (2016)
[32] Rehman N.U., Al-Riyami S.A., Hussain H., Ali A., Khan A.L., Al-Harrasi A., Secondary Metabolites from the Resins of and Mitigate Lipid Peroxidation, Acta. Pharm., 69(3):433-441 (2019)
[33] Vági P.,”Structure of Plants and Fungi”, Kristóf, Z., Ed. IT Study Hungary Ltd (2013).
[34] Martinková M., Čermák M., Gebauer R., Špinlerová Z., Plant Botany an Introduction to Plant Anatomy, Morphology and Physiology, Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology (2014).
[35] Kokila K., Priyadharshini S.D., Sujatha V., Phytopharmacological Properties of Albizia Species: A Review, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 5(3): 70-73 (2013).
[36] Kaur H., Harisha C., Galib R., Prajapati P., Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Profiles of Pod of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck Benth.). Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine, 5 (3-4): 78-87 (2016).
[37] Majinda R.R.T., Extraction and Isolation of Saponins, Methods Mol Biol., 864: 415-26 (2012).
[38] Deore S.L., Baviskar B.A.; Rangari A.S., Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed Musli, Pharmacogn. J., 7(4): 210-214 (2015).
[39] Aljeboree A.M., Alkaim A.F., Role of Plant Wastes as an Ecofriendly for Pollutants (crystal Violet Dye) Removal from Aqueous Solution, Plant Arch., 19(2): 902-905 (2019).
[40] Gecgel U., Kolancilar H., Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R on Activated Carbon Prepared from a Pine Cone, Nat. Prod. Res., 26 (7): 659-664 (2012).
[41] Moghaddam S.S., Moghaddam M.R.A., Arami M., Decolorization of an Acidic Dye from Synthetic Wastewater by Sludge of Water Treatment Plant, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 7(5): 437-442(2010). 
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume 42, Issue 1 - Serial Number 123
January 2023
Pages 349-360

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics