Optimization of Operating Parameters in the Removal of Synthetic Textile Dyestuff with the Electrocoagulation Process

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, TURKEY

2 Sivas Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanism and Climate Change Sivas, TURKEY

Abstract

Electrocoagulation (EC) is one of the most effective electrochemical wastewater treatment techniques for removing color and organic pollutants from wastewater and reducing sludge formation. In this study, the removal of Remazol Ultra Red RGB (reactive red 239) dye, which is used for commercial purposes, by the EC process was investigated. For this purpose,
an electrochemical reactor was designed using monopolar parallel connected aluminum and iron electrodes. The effect of operational parameters such as the initial pH of the solution, current density, and electrolysis time were investigated to achieve higher color, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and turbidity removal efficiency. The optimum conditions of the EC process were determined by evaluating the data obtained as a result of the experimental studies. It was observed that
the removal efficiency increased with the increase of the electrolysis time and stabilized after 20 min. The optimum experiment conditions for the aluminum electrode were pH:3, current density of 50 A/m2, and conductivity of 250 µS/cm, for the iron electrode was pH: 5, current density of 75 A/m2, and conductivity of 500 µS/cm was found as. In all studies, the mixing speed was chosen as 250 rpm. As a result of this study, 95.49-99.94% color, 89.34-66.83% COD, and 92.18%-83.15% turbidity removal efficiencies were obtained with aluminum and iron electrodes under optimal conditions. Under optimum conditions, electrical energy consumption was calculated as 11.48 for Al, 6.60 kWh/m3 for Fe, and the energy consumption 0.56, 0.46 kg/m3. As a result of the experimental studies, high removal efficiencies were obtained in color, COD, and turbidity removal with the EC process. As a result, it was concluded that EC treatment is an effective method for the purification of synthetic textile dyestuffs.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Titchou F.E., Afanga H., Zazou H., Akbour R.A., Hamdani M., Batch Elimination of Cationic Dye From Aqueous Solution by Electrocoagulation Process, Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 10(1): 1-12 (2020).
        doi:10.13171/mjc10102001201163mh
[2] Sridevi V., Sahithi K.,  Sujatha V., Application of Electrocoagulation Technique in Textile Waste Water Treatment: A Review, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng, 6(4): 1533-1537 (2020).
        doi:10.29294/IJASE.6.4.2020.1533-1537
[3] Palanisamy S., Nachimuthu P., Awasthi M.K., Ravindran B., Chang S.W., Palanichamy M., Nguyen D.D., Application of Electrochemical Treatment for the Removal of Triazine Dye Using Aluminium Electrodes, Journal of Water Supply. Research. and Technology—AQUA,  345-354 (2020).
        doi: 10.2166/aqua.2020.109
[4] Paraschiv D., Tudor C., Petrariu R., The Textile İndustry and Sustainable Development: A Holt–Winters Forecasting İnvestigation for the Eastern European Area, Sustainability, 7(2): 1280-1291 (2015).
        doi:10.3390/su7021280
[5] Ulucan-Altuntas K., Ilhan F., Enhancing Biodegradability of Textile Wastewater by Ozonation Processes: Optimization with Response Surface Methodology, Ozone: Sci. Eng, 40(6): 465–472 (2018).
        doi:10.1080/01919512.2018.1474339
[6] Hu E., Wu X., Shang S., Tao X., Jiang S., Gan L.,  Catalytic Ozonation of Simulated Textile Dyeing Wastewater Using Mesoporous Carbon Aerogel Supported Copper Oxide Catalyst, Journal of Cleaner Productio,. 112(5): 4710-4718 (2016).
        doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.127
[7] Castaneda-Diaz J., Pavon-Silva T., Gutierrez-Segura E., Colin-Cruz A., Electrocoagulation-Adsorption to Remove Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solution by PV-Energy, Hindawi Journal of Chemistry, 1-14 (2017).
        doi: 10.1155/2017/5184590
[8] WPCR -Water Pollutıon Control Regulatıon. Official Gazette Date: 31.12.2004. Number Of Official Gazette: 25687.
[9] Khandegar V., Saroha A.K.,  Electrochemical Treatment of Effluent From Small-Scale Dyeing Unit, Indian Chemical Engineer, 55:112–120 (2013).
        doi:10.1080/00194506.2013.798889
[10] Elwakeel K.Z., Elgarahy A.M., Elshoubaky G.A., Mohammad S.H., Microwave Assist Sorption of Crystal Violet and Congo Red Dyes onto Amphoteric Sorbent Based on Upcycled Sepia Shells, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(1):35–50 (2020).
       doi:10.1007/s40201-019-00435-1
[11] Aragaw T.A., Bogale F.M., Biomass-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Dyes from Wastewater: A Review,  Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9: 1-24 (2021).
        doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.764958
[12] Clark L.,  Smith J., Gomes R.L., Lester E., Continuous Synthesis of Zn2Al-CO3 Layered Double Hydroxides for the Adsorption of Reactive Dyes from Water, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3): 1-11 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103175
[13] Marrakchi F., Ahmed M.J., Khanday W., Asif M., Hameed B.,  Mesoporous Carbonaceous Material from Fish Scales as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Reactive Orange 16 Adsorption, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng, 71: 47–54 (2017).
         doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.026
[14] Heidari M.R., Varma R.S., Ahmadian M., Pourkhosravani M., Asadzadeh S.N., Karimi P., Khatami M., Photo-Fenton like Catalyst System: Activated Carbon/CoFe2O4 Nanocomposite for Reactive Dye Removal from Textile Wastewater, Appl. Sci, 9: 963–1015 (2019).
        doi:10.3390/app9050963
[15] Nandi B.K, Sunil Patel., S., Effects of Operational Parameters on the Removal of Brilliant Green Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10: S2961–S2968 (2017).
        doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.032
[16] Dura A., Breslin C.B., Electrocoagulation Using Stainless Steel Anodes: Simultaneous Removal of Phosphates, Orange II and Zinc Ions, Journal of Hazardous Materials,  374: 152–158 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.032
[17] Mahmoudi M.M., Nadali A., Arezoomand H.R.S., Mahvi A.H., Adsorption of Cationic Dye Textile Wastewater Using Clinoptilolite: Isotherm and Kinetic Study, J. Text. Inst, 110: 74–80 (2019).
        doi:10.1080/00405000.2018.1465329
[18] Nayeri D., Mousavi S.A., Dye Removal From Water and Wastewater by Nanosized Metal Oxides - Modified Activated Carbon: A Review On Recent Researches, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18:1671–1689 (2020).
        doi:10.1007/s40201-020-00566-w
[19] Punzia M., Anbalagan A., Börner R.A., Svensson B.M., Jonstrup M., Mattiasson B., Degradation of a Textile Azo Dye Using Biological Treatment Followed by Photo-Fenton Oxidation: Evaluation of Toxicity and Microbial Community Structure, Chemical Engineering Journal, 270: 290-299 (2015).
         doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.042
[20] Hayat H., Mahmood Q., Pervez A., Bhatti A.Z., Baig S.A., Comparative Decolorization of Dyes in Textile Wastewater Using Biological and Chemical Treatment, Separation and Purification Technology, 154(5): 149-153 (2015).
        doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.025
[21] Yue L., Wang K., Guo J., Yang J., Luo X., Lian J., Wang L.,  Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of Dye Wastewater with Fe2O3 Supported Catalyst, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20(2): 725-731 (2014).
        doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.001
[22] Singh S.,  Lo S.L., Srivastava V.C., Hiwarkar A.D., Comparative Study of Electrochemical Oxidation for Dye Degradation: Parametric Optimization and Mechanism İdentification, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3): 2911-2921 (2016).
        doi:10.1016/j.jece.2016.05.036
[23] GilPavas E., Dobrosz-Gomez I., Gomez-Garcia M.A., Coagulation-Flocculation Sequential with Fenton or Photo-Fenton Processes as an Alternative for the İndustrial Textile Wastewater Treatment,  J. Environ. Manag, 191: 189-197
(2017).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.015
[24] Karam A., Bakhoum E.S., Zaher K.. Coagulation/Flocculation Process for Textile Mill Effluent Treatment: Experimental and Numerical Perspectives, Internatıonal Journal of Sustaınable Engıneerıng, 14(5): 983–995 (2021).
        doi:10.1080/19397038.2020.1842547
[25] Mrinmoy M., Sirshendu De., Treatment of Textile Plant Effluent by Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane and Multi-Component Steady State Modeling, Chemical Engineering Journal,  285: 304-318 (2016).
        doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.005
[26] Shaaban A.M.F., Hafez A.I., Abdel-Fatah M.A., Abdel-Monem N.M., Mahmoud M.H.. Process Engineering Optimization of Nanofiltration Unit for the Treatment of Textile Plant Effluent in View of Solution Diffusion Model, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1): 79-90 (2016).
        doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.018
[27] Yang G., Zhang J., Peng M., Du E., Wang Y., Shan G., Ling L., Ding H., Gray S., Xie Z., A Mini Review on Antiwetting Studies in Membrane Distillation for Textile Wastewater Treatment, Processes, 9(2): 1-16 (2021).
        doi:10.3390/pr9020243
[28] Khoshnevisan S., Bazgir S.,  Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Using Superhydrophobic Nanofibrous High-İmpact Polystyrene Membranes, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18: 1513-1528 (2021).
        doi:10.1007/s13762-020-02894-8
[29] Sahinkaya E., Tuncman S., Koc I., Guner A.R., Ciftci S., Aygun A., Sengul S., Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Osmosis Process for Water Recovery from Biologically-Treated Textile Wastewater, Journal of Environmental Management, 249(1): 1-8 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109382
[30] Cinperi N.C., Ozturk E., Yigit  N.O., Kitis M M., Treatment of Woolen Textile Wastewater Using Membrane Bioreactor, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Reuse İn Production Processes, Journal of Cleaner Production, 223: 837-848 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.166
[31] Chiong T., Lau S.Y., Lek Z.H., Koh B.Y., Danquah M.K.. Enzymatic Treatment of Methyl Orange Dye İn Synthetic Wastewater by Plant-Based Peroxidase Enzymes, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(2): 2500-2509 (2016).
        doi:10.1016/j.jece.2016.04.030
[32] Asaithambi P.,  Govindarajan R., Yesuf M.B., Alemayehu E., Removal of Color, COD and Determination Of Power Consumption from Landfill Leachate Wastewater Using an Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes, Separation and Purification Technology, 233: 1-8 (2020a). 
        doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115935
[33] Klanovicz N., Camargo A.F., Stefanski F.S., Zanivan J., et al., Advanced Oxidation Processes Applied For Color Removal of Textile Effluent Using A Home‑Made Peroxidase from Rice Bran, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 43: 261–272 (2020).
        doi:10.1007/s00449-019-02222-6
[34] Bassyouni D.G., Hamad H.A., El-Ashtoukhy E.Z., Amin N.K., El-Latif M.M.A.. Comparative Performance of Anodic Oxidation and Electrocoagulation as Clean Processes for Electrocatalytic Degradation of Diazo Dye Acid Brown 14 in Aqueousmedium,  J. Hazard. Mater, 335: 178-187 (2017).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.045.
[35] Elazzouzi M., El Kasmi A., Haboubi K., Elyoubi M.S., A Novel Electrocoagulation Process Using Isulated Edges of Alelectrodes for Enhancement of Urban Wastewater Treatment:Techno-Economic Study, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 116: 506-515 (2018).
        doi:10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.006
[36] Mhatre S., Vivacqua V., Ghadiri M., Abdullah et al., Electrostatic Phase Separation: A Review, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 96: 177-195 (2015).
        doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2015.02.012
[37] Bazrafshan E., Mohammadi L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Mahvi A.H., Heavy Metals Removal From Aqueous Environments by Electrocoagulation Process- A Systematic Review, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 13(1): 1-16 (2015).
        doi:10.1186/s40201-015-0233-8
[38] Moussa D.T.,  El-Naas M.H., Nasser M., Al-Marri M.J., A Comprehensive Review Of Electrocoagulation For Water Treatment: Potentials And Challenges, Journal of Environmental Management, 186(1): 24-41 (2017).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032
[39] Katal R., Pahlavanzadeh H., Influence of Different Combinations of Aluminium and iron electrode on electrocoagulation Efficiency: Application to the Treatment of Paper Mill Wastewater, Desalination, 265(1-3): 199-205 (2011).
        doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.052
[40] Safari S., Aghdam M.A., Kariminia H.R., Electrocoagulation for COD and Diesel Removal from Oily Wastewater, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, 13: 231-242 (2016).
        doi:10.1007/s13762-015-0863-5
[41] Ozyonar F., Karagozoglu B., Operating Cost Analysis and Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes,  Polish J. of Environ. Stud, 20(1): 173-179
(2012).
        eISSN:2083-5906, ISSN:1230-1485
[42] Attour A., Touati M., Tlili M., Amor M.B., Lapicque F., Leclerc J.P., Influence of Operating Parameters on Phosphate Removal from Water by Electrocoagulationusing Aluminum Electrodes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 123: 124–129 (2014).
        doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2013.12.030
[43] Akhtar A., Aslam Z., Asghar A., Bello M.M.,
Raman A.A.A., Electrocoagulation of Congo Red Dye-Containing Wastewater: Optimization of Operational Parameters and Process Mechanism, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(3):1-10 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104055
[44] Houssini N.S., Essadki A., ElQars E., The Simultaneous Removal of Reactive and Disperse Dyes by Electrocoagulation Process with a Bipolar Connection of Combined Iron and Aluminum Electrodes: Experimental Design and Kinetic Studies, Med. J. Chem, 10: 171-184 (2020).
        doi:10.13171/mjc10202002191222ae
[45] Asaithambi P., Govindarajan R., Yesuf B.M., Selvakumar P., Alemayehu E., Enhanced Treatment of Landfill Leachate Wastewater Using Sono(US)-Ozone(O3)–Electrocoagulation(EC) Process: Role of Process Parameters on Color, COD and Electrical Energy Consumption, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 142: 212-218 (2020b).
        doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.024 
[46] Ulucan-Altuntas K., Ilhan F., Kasar C., Gonullu M.T.,  Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Model on Textile Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation Proсess, Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 43(3): 255-260 (2021).
        doi:10.3103/S1063455X21030127
[47] Mohammed A.S., El-Gendi A., El-Khatib K.M., Hassan S.H., Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Method: Case Study; Odiba Textile, Dyeing & Finishing Company, Wat.Ener.Food.Env.J, 2(1): 41- 53 (2021).
        doi:10.18576/wefej/020105
[48] Orts F., del Río AI., Molina J., Bonastre J., Cases F., Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 14:1733-1750 (2019).
        doi:10.20964/2019.02.27
[49] Nuneza J., Yeberb M., Cisternasc N., Thibautd R., Medinab P., Carrascoa C., Application of Electrocoagulation for the Efficient Pollutants Removal to Reuse the Treated Wastewater in the Dyeing Process of the Textile İndustry, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 371: 705-711 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.030
[50] Zaher K., Elawwad A., Nadeem R., “Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation: A Comparative Study Using Different Anode Materials”, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE’19). 7-9 (2019).
        doi:10.11159/iceptp19.152
[51] Naje A.S., Chelliapan S., Zakaria Z., Ajeel M.A., Alaba P.A., A Review of Electrocoagulation Technology for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater, Rev. Chem. Eng., 33: 263-292 (2017).
        doi:10.1515/revce-2016-0019
[52] Houssini N.S,  Essadki A., ElQars E., Removal of Reactive Blue and Disperse Red Dyes From Synthetic Textile Effluent by Electrocoagulation Process Using Al–Al and Fe–Fe Electrodes: Parametric Optimization by Response Surface Methodology, Desalination and Water Treatment, 223: 363-379 (2021).
        doi:10.5004/dwt.2021.27111
[53] Hendaoui K., Ayari F., Rayana I.B.,Amar R.B., Darragi F., Trabelsi-Ayadi M., Real Indigo Dyeing Effluent Decontamination Using Continuous Electrocoagulation Cell: Study and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 116: 578-589 (2018).
       doi:10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.007
[54] Kobya M., Omwene P.I., Ukundimana Z., Treatment and Operating Cost Analysis Of Metalworking Wastewaters by a Continuous Electrocoagulation Reactor, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8(2): 1-8 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103526
[55] Mousazadeh M., Alizadeh S., Frontistis Z., Kabdaşlı I., Niaragh E.K., et al., Electrocoagulation as a Promising Defluoridation Technology From Water: A Review of State of the Art of Removal Mechanisms and Performance Trends, Water, 13(5): 1-29 (2021).
        doi:10.3390/w13050656
[56] Bilinska L., Blus K., Gmurek M., Ledakowicz S., Coupling of Electrocoagulation and Ozone Treatment for Textile Wastewater Reuse, Chem. Eng. J., 358: 992-1001 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.093
[57] Rajaniemi K., Raulio M., Tuomikoski S., Lassi U., Comparison of Batch and Novel Continuous Electrocoagulation Processes in the Treatment of Paint İndustry Wash Water, Desalination and Water Treatment, 170: 394-404 (2019).
        doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.24562
[58] Ding J., Wei L., Huang H., Zhao Q., et al., Tertiary Treatment of Landfill Leachate by an İntegrated Electro-Oxidation/Electro-Coagulation/Electro-Reduction Process: Performance and Mechanism, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 351: 90–97 (2018).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.038
[59] Zazou H., Afanga H., Akhouairi S., Ouchtak H., Addi A.A., et al., Treatment of Textile Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Coupled with Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 28: 214-221 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.02.006
[60] Nigri E.M., Santos A.L., Rocha S.D., Removal of Organic Compounds, Calcium and Strontium from Petroleum Industry Effluent by Simultaneous Electrocoagulation and Adsorption, J. Water Process Eng., 37: 1-15 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101442
[61] Daneshvar N., Oladegaragoze A., Djafarzadeh N., Decolorization of Basic Dye Solutions by Electrocoagulation: An Investigation of the Effect of Operational Parameters, Journal of Hazardous Materials,  129 (1-3): 116-122 (2006).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.08.033
[62] Zampeta C., Mastrantonaki M., Katsaouni N., Frontistis Z., Koutsoukos  P.G., Dimitris.Vayenas D.V., Treatment of Printing Ink Wastewater Using a Continuous Flow Electrocoagulation Reactor, Journal of Environmental Management, 314: 1-10 (2022).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115033
[63] Mehralian M., Khashij M., Dalvand A., Treatment of Cardboard Factory Wastewater Using Ozone-Assisted Electrocoagulation Process: Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 28(33): 45041-45049 (2021).
        doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13921-7
[64] Ahangarnokolaei M.A., Ayati B., Ganjidoust H.. Simultaneous and Sequential Combination of Electrocoagulation and Ozonation by Al and Fe Electrodes for Direct Blue71 Treatment in a New Reactor: Synergistic Effect and Kinetics Study, Chemosphere, 285: 1-10 (2021).
        doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131424.
[65] Mariah G.K., Pak, K.S., Removal of Brilliant Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by Electrocoagulation Using Response Surface Methodology, Materials Today: Proceedings, 20(1): 488-492 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.175
[66] Chakraborty S., Mohanty, P.K., Iqbal J., R. Kumar N.,  Can Electrocoagulation be an Effective Post-Treatment Option for SBR Treated Landfill Leachate and Municipal Wastewater Mixture? Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 10:(1) 86-95 (2020). doi: 10.2166/washdev.2020.057
[67] Morales-Figueroa A., Teutli-Sequeira E.A., Linares-Hernández I., et al., Optimization of the Electrocoagulation Process with Aluminum Electrodes for Rainwater Treatment, Frontiers in Environmental Science,  (IF5.411)  (2022).
        doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.860011
[68] Patel P., Gupta, S., Mondal P., Electrocoagulation Process for Greywater Treatment: Statistical Modeling, Optimization, Cost Analysis and Sludge Management, Separation and Purification Technology, 296: 1-13 (2022).
        doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121327
[69] Zaied B.K., Rashid M., Nasrullah, M., Zularisam A.W., et al., A Comprehensive Review on Contaminants Removal from Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Process, Science of the Total Environment, 726: 1-23 (2020).
[70] Demirci, Y., Pekel, L.C., Alpbaz, M., Investigation of Different Electrode Connections in Electrocoagulation of Textile Wastewater Treatment, Int. J. Electrochem.Sci., 10: 2685-2693 (2015).
[71] Nasrullah M., Singh L., Krishnan S., Sakinah M., Zularisam A., Electrode Design for Electrochemical Cell to Treat Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Electrocoagulation Process, Environ. Technol. Innov., 9: 323-341 (2018).
        doi:10.1016/j.eti.2017.10.001
[72] Wang Z., Shen Q., Xue J., Guan R., Li Q., Liu X., 3D Hierarchically Porous NiO/NF Electrode for the Removal of Chromium(VI) from Wastewater by Electrocoagulation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 402: 1-13 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126151
[73] Gafoor A.S., Ali N., Kumar S., Begum S.R., Rahman Z., Applicability and New Trends of Different Electrode Materials and Its Combinations in Electro Coagulation Process: A Brief Review, Materials Today, 37(2): 377-382 (2021).
        doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.379
[74] Dobrosz‑Gómez I.,  Gómez‑García M.A., Treatment of Soluble Coffee İndustrial Effluent by Electro‑Coagulation–Electro‑Oxidation Process: Multiobjective Optimization and Kinetic Study, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19: 6071-6088 (2022).
        doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03562-1
[75] Tchamango S.R., Ngayo K.N., Belibi P.D.B., Nkouam F., Ngassoum M.B., Treatment of a Dairy Effluent By Classical Electrocoagulation and İndirect Electrocoagulation with Aluminum Electrodes, Separatıon Scıence And Technology, 56(6): 1128-1139 (2021).
        doi:10.1080/01496395.2020.1748889
[76] Patel S.R., Parikh S.P., Prajapati A.K., Copper Electrode for the Removal of Chromium from Dyestuff İndustries Effluent by Electrocoagulation: Kinetic Study and Operating Cost, Journal of Dıspersıon Scıence and Technology, 1-11 (2021).
        doi:10.1080/01932691.2021.1878040
[77] Nidheesh P.V., Scaria J., Babu D.S., Kumar M.S.,
An Overview on Combined Electrocoagulation-Degradation Processes for the Effective Treatment of Water and Wastewater, Chemosphere,  263:1-18 (2021).
        doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127907
[78] Islam S.M., Electrocoagulation (EC) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Pollutants Removal, Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5: 359-380 (2019).
       doi: 10.1007/s40899-017-0152-1
[79] Meiramkulova K., Jakupova Z., Duman Orynbekov D., Tashenov E., et al., Evaluation of Electrochemical Methods for Poultry Slaughterhouse, Wastewater Treatment Sustainability, 12(12): 1-16 (2020).
        doi:10.3390/su12125110
[80] Al-Qodah Z., Al-Shannag  M., Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Processes: A Comprehensive Review, Separatıon Scıence and Technology, 52: 2649-2676 (2017).
        doi:10.1080/01496395.2017.1373677
[81] Shahedi A., Darban A.K., Taghipour F., Jamshidi-Zanjani A., A Review on Industrial Wastewater Treatment Via Electrocoagulation Processes, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 22: 154-169 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2020.05.009
[82] Vepsalainen M., Sillanpa M., Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Industrial Waters and Wastewaters. Advanced Water Treatment, Electrochemical Methods, 1-78 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819227-6.00001-2
[83] Akarsu C., Deveci E.Ü., Gönen Ç., Madenli Ö., Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Electroflotation as a Combined Process: Process Optimization through Response Surface Methodology, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 34473-34488 (2021).
       doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12855-4
[84] Mubarak H.A., Kubba M.A., Hashim K., Al-Janabi A., Safaa K., A Short Review on Dyes Removal from Water and Wastewaters, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1-11 (2021).
        doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1184/1/012017 1184 (2021) 012017
[85] Kobya M., Senturk E., Bayramoglu M., Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewaters by Electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133(1-3): 172-176 (2006).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.007
[86] Ngobeni P.V., Basitere M., Thole A., Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: A Review, Water Practice & Technology, 17(1): 38-59 (2022).
        doi:10.2166/wpt.2021.108
[87] Shokri A., Employing Electro Coagulation for the Removal of Acid Red 182 in Aqueous Environment Using Box-Behenken Design Method, Desalination and Water Treatment, 115: 281-287 (2018).
        doi:10.5004/dwt.2018.22451
[88] Shokri A.,  Application of Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Acid Orange 5 in Synthetic Wastewater, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 38(2):113-119 ( 2019).
        1021-9986/2019/2/113-119
[89] Potrich M.C., Duarte E.S.A., Sikora M.S., Rocha R.D.C., Electrocoagulation for Nutrients Removal in the Slaughterhouse Wastewater: Comparison between Iron and Aluminum Electrodes Treatment, Envıronmental Technology, 43(5): 751-765 (2022).
        doi:10.1080/09593330.2020.1804464
[90] Bote M.E., Desta W.M., Removal of Turbidity from Domestic Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: Optimization with Response Surface Methodology, Chemistry Africa, 5: 123-134 (2022).
        doi:10.1007/s42250-021-00303-2
[91] Khemila B., Merzouk B., Chouder A., Zidelkhir R., Leclerc J.P., Lapicque  F., Removal of a Textile Dye Using Photovoltaic Electrocoagulation, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 7: 27-35 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.scp.2017.11.004
[92] Chezeaua B., Boudricheb L., Viala C., Boudjemaa A., Treatment of Dairy Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Process: Advantages of Combined Iron/Aluminum Electrodes, Separatıon Scıence And Technology, 1-18 (2019).
        doi:10.1080/01496395.2019.1638935
[93] Al-Shannag  M., Al-Qodah Z., Bani-Melhem K., Qtaishat M.R., Alkasrawi M., Heavy Metal İons Removal From Metal Plating Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: Kinetic Study and Process Performance, Chemical Engineering Journal, 260: 749–756 (2015).
       doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.035
[94] Akhter F., Soomro S.A., Siddique M., Ahmed M., Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Electrocoagulation Method from Industrial Wastewater: Comparison with Other Treatment Methods and Key Operational Parameters—a Comparative Study Review, Water Air Soil Pollut, 232(93): 1-13 (2021).
        doi:10.1007/s11270-021-05022-5
[95] Canizares P., Martınez F., Jimenez C., Lobato J., Rodrigo M.A., Comparison of the Aluminum Speciation in Chemical and Electrochemical Dosing Processes, Ind Eng Chem Res, 45: 8749-8756 (2006).
       doi:10.1021/ie060824a
[96] Merzouk B., Gourich B., Sekki A., Madani K., Vial C., Barkaoui M., Studies on the Decolorization of Textile Dye Wastewater by Continuous Electrocoagulation Process, Chemical Engineering Journal, 149:207–214 (2009).
        doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.10.018
[97] Shokri A., Fard M.S.,  A critical Review in Electrocoagulation Technology Applied for Oil Removal in İndustrial Wastewater, Chemosphere, 288(2): 1-16 (2022).
        doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132355
[98] Dias N.C.,  Alves T.L., Azevedo D.A., Bassin J.P.,  Dezotti M., Metabolization of by-Products Formed by Ozonation of the Azo Dye Reactive Red 239 in Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactors in Serie, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 37: 495–504 (2020).
        doi:10.1007/s43153-020-00046-6
[99] Shojaei S., Nouri A., Baharinikoo L., Farahani M.D.,  Removal of the Hazardous Dyes Through Adsorption over Nanozeolite-X: Simultaneous Model, Design and Analysis of Experiments, Polyhedron, 196: 1-9 (2021).
       doi:10.1016/j.poly.2020.114995
[100] APHA, AWWA, WEF., Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 27nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; American Water Works Association, (2017). ISBN-13: 978-0875532875- ISBN-10: 087553287X
[101] Hawari A.H., Alkhatib A.M., Hafiz M., Das P.,
A Novel Electrocoagulation Electrode Configuration for the Removal of Total Organic Carbon from Primary Treated Municipal Wastewater, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 23888-23898 (2020).
        doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08678-4
[102] Prajapati A.K.,  Sono-Assisted Electrocoagulation Treatment of Rice Grain Based Distillery Biodigester Effluent: Performance and Cost Analysis, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 150: 314-322 (2021).
        doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.030
[103] Gzar H.A.G.A.,  Jasim N.A., Kseer K.M., Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Treatment of Al-Kut Textile Wastewater: A Comparative Study, Periodicals of  Engineering and Natural Sciences, 8(3): 1580-1590 (2020).
       doi:10.21533/pen.
[104] Sadik M.A., Removal of Reactive Dye from Textile Mill Wastewater by Leading Electro-Coagulation Process Using Aluminum as a Sacrificial Anode, Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 9: 182-193 (2021).
        doi:10.4236/aces.2019.92014
[105] Li M., Zou D., Zou H., Fan D., Degradation of Nitrobenzene in Simulated Wastewater by Iron-Carbon Micro-electrolysis Packing, Environmental Technology, 32(15): 1761-1766 (2011).
        doi:10.1080/09593330.2011.555422
[106] Karabacakoğlu B., Zurnacı İ., Memiş F., Kaya K., Öztaylan Y., The Removal Of Reactıve Black 5 From Model Solutıon Usıng Mıcroelectrolysıs Method, Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology, 16(2): 317-326 (2015).
       doi:10.18038/btd-a.23773
[107] Ya V., Martin N., Choo K.H., Chou Y.H., et al., High-Pressure Electrocoagulation System with Periodic Air Replenishment for Efficient Dye Wastewater Treatment: Reaction Dynamics And Cost Evaluation, Journal of Cleaner Production, 213:1127-1134 (2019).
       doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.249
[108] Chen X,  Ren P, Li T, Trembly JP,  Liu  X., Zinc Removal from Model Wastewater by Electrocoagulation: Processing, Kinetics and Mechanism, Chemical Engineering Journal, 349: 358-367 (2018).
       doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.099
[109] Liu Y.J., Hu C.Y., Lo S.L.,  Direct and İndirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Amine-Containing Pharmaceuticals Using Graphite Electrodes, J. Hazard Mater, 366: 592-605 (2019).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.037
[110] Lemlikchi W., Khaldi S., Mecherri M.O., Lounici H., Drouiche N., Degradation of Disperse Red 167
Azo Dye by Bipolar Electrocoagulation, Separation Science and Technology, 47: 1682-1688 (2012).
        doi:10.1080/01496395.2011.647374
[111] Walid K., Salameh B., Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Ozonation and Electrocoagulation Processes, Civil and Environmental Research, 7(2): 80-91 (2015).
       ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
[112] Canizares P., Jimenez C., Martinez F., Rodrigo M.A., Saez C., The pH as a Key Parameter in the Choice Between Coagulation and Electrocoagulation for the Treatment of Wastewaters, J. Hazard. Mater, 163: 158-164 (2009).
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.073. Epub 2008 Jun 27.
[113] Park H., Mameda N., Choo K.H., Catalytic Metal Oxide Nanopowder Composite Ti Mesh for Electrochemical Oxidation of 1,4-Dioxane and Dyes, Chem. Eng. J., 345: 233-241 (2018).
        doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.158
[114] Ding J., Wei L., Huang H., Zhao Q., Hou W., et al., Tertiary Treatment of Landfill Leachate by an İntegrated Electro-Oxidation/Electro-Coagulation/ Electro-Reduction Process: Performance and Mechanism, J. Hazard Mater, 351: 90-97 (2018).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.038
[115] Merma A.G., Santos B.F., Rego A.S.C., Hacha R.R., Torem M.L., Treatment of Oily Wastewater from Mining Industry Using Electrocoagulation: Fundamentals and Process Optimization, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6): 15164-15176 (2020).
        doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.107
[116] Mollah M.Y.A., Morkovsky P., Gomes J.A.G., Kesmez M., Parga J., Cocke D.L., Fundamentals, Present and Future Perspectives of Electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 114(1-3): 199-210 (2004a).
        doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.009
[117] Uğurlu M., Gürses A., Doğar Ç., Yalçın M., The Removal of Lignin and Phenol from Paper Mill Effluents by Electrocoagulation, J. of Env. Mang., 87:420-428 (2008).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.007
[118] Ghalwa N.M.A.,  Saqer A.M., Farhat N.B., Removal of Reactive Red 24 Dye by Clean Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes,  J.of Chm. Eng. & Process Tech., 7(1): 1-7 (2016).
       doi:10.4172/2157-7048.100026
[119] Delil A.D.,  Gören N., Investıgatıon of Electrocoagulatıon and Electrooxıdatıon Methods of Real Textıle Wastewater Treatment, Eskişehir Technıcal Unıversıty Journal of Scıence And Technology, A- Applıed Scıences And Engıneerıng, 20(1): 80-91 (2019).
       doi:10.18038/Aubtda.445716
[120] Thirugnanasambandham K.,   Sivakumar V., Maran J.P., Efficiency of Electrocoagulation Method to Treat Chicken Processing Industry Wastewater-Modeling and Optimization, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng, 45: 2427-2435 (2014).
        doi: 10.1016/J.Jtice.2014.04.011
[121] Mollah M.Y.A., Pathak S.R., Patil P.K., Vayuvegula M., et al., Treatment of Orange II Azo-Dye by Electrocoagulation (EC) Technique in a Continuous Flow Cell Using Sacrificial Iron Electrodes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109(1-3): 165-171 (2004b).
       doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.03.011
[122] Song S., Yao J., He Z, Qiu J., Chen J., Effect of Operational Parameters on the Decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in Aqueous Solution by Ozone-Enhanced Electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(1): 204-210 (2008).
       doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.104
[123] Hashim K.S., Shaw A., Al Khaddar R., Pedrola, M.O., Phipps D., Defluoridation of Drinking Water Using a New Flow Column-Electrocoagulation Reactor (FCER)-Experimental, Statistical and Economic Approach, J. Environ. Manage,  197: 80–88 (2017).
        doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.048
[124] Hashim K.S., Al-Saati N.H., Alquzweeni S.S., et al., “Decolourization of Dye Solutions by Electrocoagulation: An Investigation of the Effect of Operational Parameters”, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering,  584: 012024 (2019b).
        doi:10.1088/1757-899X/584/1/012024

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics